When Two Stars Orbit Together

Since our solar system  has a single  star  at its heart, its logical to assume that all stars form independently and travel the galaxy alone. However,  it turns out that about a third (or possibly even more) of all stars are born in our galaxy (and in other galaxies) exist in multiple-star systems. There can be two stars (called a binary), three stars, or even more.   The Mechanics of a Binary Star Binaries (two stars orbiting around a common center of mass) are very common in the sky.  The larger of the two stars in such a system is called the primary star, while the smaller one is the companion or secondary star. One of the best-known binaries in the sky is the bright star Sirius, which has a very dim companion. Another favorite is Albireo, part of the constellation Cygnus, the Swan. Both are easy to spot, but it requires telescope or binoculars to see the components of each binary system.   The term binary star system should not be confused with the term double star. Such  systems are usually defined as two stars that appear to be interacting, but actually are very distant from each other and have no physical connection. It can be confusing to tell them apart, especially from a distance.   It can also be quite difficult to identify the individual stars of a binary system, as one or both of the stars may be non-optical  (in other words, not especially bright in visible light).  When such systems are found though, they usually fall into one of four following categories. Visual Binaries As the name suggests, visual binaries are systems in which the stars can be identified individually. Interestingly, in order to do so, it is necessary for the stars to be not too bright. (Of course, distance to the objects is also a determining factor if they will be individually resolved or not.) If one of the stars is of high luminosity, then its brightness will drown out the view of the companion. That makes it difficult to see. Visual binaries are detected with telescopes, or sometimes with binoculars. In many cases, other binaries, like those listed below, could be determined to be visual binaries when observed with powerful enough instruments. So the list of systems in this class is continually growing as more observations are made with more powerful telescopes. Spectroscopic Binaries Spectroscopy is a powerful tool in astronomy. It allows astronomers to determine various properties of stars simply by studying their light in minute detail. However, in the case of binaries, spectroscopy can also reveal that a star system may, in fact, be composed of two or more stars. How does this work? As two stars orbit each other they will at times be moving towards us, and away from us at others. This will cause their light to be blueshifted then redshifted  repeatedly.  By measuring the frequency of these shifts we can calculate information about their orbital parameters. Because spectroscopic binaries are often very close to each other (so close that even a good telescope cant split them apart, they are rarely also visual binaries. In the odd instances that they are, these systems are usually very close to Earth and have very long periods (the farther apart that they are, the longer it takes them to orbit their common axis). Closeness and long periods make the partners of each system easier to spot. Astrometric Binaries Astrometric binaries are stars that appear to be in orbit under the influence of an unseen gravitational force.  Often enough, the second star is a very dim source of electromagnetic radiation, either a small brown dwarf or perhaps a very old neutron star that has spun down below the death line. Information about the missing star can be ascertained by measuring the orbital characteristics of the optical star. The methodology for finding astrometric binaries is also used to find exoplanets (planets outside our solar system) by looking for wobbles in a star. Based on this motion the masses and orbital distances of the planets can be determined. Eclipsing Binaries In eclipsing binary systems the orbital plane of the stars is directly in our line of sight. Therefore the stars pass in front of each other as they orbit. When the dimmer star passes in front of the brighter star there is a significant dip in the observed brightness of the system. Then when the dimmer star moves behind the other, there is a smaller, but still measurable dip in brightness. Based on the time scale and magnitudes of these dips, the orbital characteristics, as well as information about the stars relative sizes and masses, can be determined. Eclipsing binaries can also be good candidates for spectroscopic binaries, though, like those systems they are rarely if ever found to be visual binary systems. Binary stars can teach astronomers a lot about their individual systems.They can also give clues to their formation, and the conditions under which they were born, since there had to be enough material in the birth nebula for both to form and not disrupt each other. In addition, there werent likely large sibling stars nearby, since those would have eaten up the material needed for the formation of the binaries.   The science of binaries is still very much an active topic in astronomy research.   Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

In Why Evolution is True by Coyne Article Example

Essays on In Why Evolution is True by Coyne Article The paper "  In Why Evolution is True by Coyne" is a delightful example of an article on biology. Dr. Jerry Coyne is one of the leading evolutionary biologists across the Globe and has written the book â€Å"why evolution is true† however a closer look at his argument indicates various flaws in his work on the theory of evolution. One of the deficiencies, which come clearly in his arguments of evolution, is the way in which he beat around the bush on the term evolution. There is a lot of equivocation in his work. Equivocation is a tool of dishonest argument whereby a person uses multiple definitions of a term and then uses the same term in another sense that is correct (Coyne 129).Throughout his work, Coyne abuses the meaning of the term evolution and defines it in multiple ways. For instance, he states that evolution is a fact. In some places, he defines evolution as the idea that all life came into existence through naturalistic processes from a single replicating model (Coyne 233).In other places; he defines the term in ways that a creation scientist would freely acknowledge to be true. Coyne asserts that evolution is a process by which organisms change slightly so as to adapt to their surrounding environment. Few creationists if any would believe his argument that animals do not adapt depending on the envi ronment and the genetic flexibility. The idea that animals are able to adapt to a certain level is different from the fact that life started from a single molecule (Shubin 95).Coyne’s use of the fallacy of equivocation shows the inbuilt weakness of the evolutionary theory which he attempts to defend in his book (Coyne 121).No genuine evidence ever been produced to substantiate the idea that human life evolved from a single replicating molecule over a million years ago (Coyne 213).

Counseling The Therapeutic Efficacy of Domestic

Question: Discuss about the Counseling for the therapeutic efficacy of Domestic. Answer: For several decades, domestic violence has been a public issue by being widespread in many countries. It has become the important cause of injury to the female between the age of 12 and 50. One out of every three women has been the victim of physical violence, and one out of five women has been the victim of sexual violence. Both type of violence on women is mostly inflicted by their male partner in the form of rape, injury, and even killing. Even the married women with children are also the assaulted victims (Frayer Martin, 2014). Domestic violence is common in social, ethnic and economic backgrounds. It also refers to the type of abuse which prevails within the home, between couples or between the family members. Violence and trauma are inter-related with each other. Trauma preceeds violence because trauma is an emotional response to the disastrous incident like rape, accident or also the natural incident. It s a very unpredictable event. Trauma may be short term or long term. The long term effects include flashbacks of the past incidents, fluctuations in the emotions and relationships. Although this domestic violence has been the issue for ages, no proper measures have been taken to eliminate this, but several theories have been postulated to curb this issue by many authors (Howard et al., 2013). As described by the feminist rationale, it is defined as the physically and mentally assault of the female partner by their male partner. This violence has broadly become the patriarchal control in the family and also in the society. There are many components of violence physical, sexual and intimidation, threats, isolation, stalking and spiritual, financial and emotional abuse. Physical violence includes pushing, hitting, beating and choking. Sexual violence includes unwanted sexual practices, rape. Weapons were displaying, looks, gestures are a part of intimidation. Isolation means not allowing the victim to meet the family or friends. Financial abuse means control of money to the victim for the personal needs. The domestic violence followed four phases in the violence cycle-abuse occurs, reconciliation, calm and built up tension (Trevillion et al., 2012). As cited by author Many intervention programs by the Society welfare development have been started to aid the battered and helpless women by providing them shelter to live their life and also providing them the important necessities to further reconstruct their lives. Many sexual assault centers and domestic violence centers were being opened up; legal services were adopted for such women and counseling services were given to the women (Hackett et al., 2015). Many theories regarding the domestic violence trauma have emerged in sometime because the researchers feel that these theories are necessary to have a common and better understanding of the domestic violence. These theories could help the communities to have better and more effective response towards violence, and this also provides protection to the victims by avoiding conflictions (Potter, et al., 2015). According to a theory of battering, which was introduced in the 1970s reveals that such men mentality were based on psychopathology. It showed that the men who used to abuse their wives and beat them were ill at a mental level, and specific medication could cure them. Psychologists also found that such peoples behavior does not match to their desire profiles who commit such violence. Batterers keep this violence limited to their intimate partners only but in the case of people suffering from schizophrenia, does not limit their violence to their partners but it spreads to the other members of the family (Perez et al., 2012). The theory of Stockholm syndrome, reveals the attachment between the victim and the captor. This issue revolves around the point that despite being battered the battered women protect and love their abusers. This happens because the person threatens by the captor starts developing some fondness for the captor even if he shows some sort of kindness to the victim. The victim in this theory feels that if she loves her abuser irrationally and unconditionally then the abuser would eventually love her. But in turn, the abuser gives her false hopes and encouragement as long as he wants to. This is the victim develops an unhealthy attachment in a positive way to their abusers with a hope that one day they might leave their abusive nature and love them . for ex, this theory was named after an incident which happened in Stockholm in Sweden where the bank robbery took place, and the robbers took three women and one man in captivity. When the ordeal was about to end then, it was found that the v ictims themselves took the side of the captors, and they went out of their way to help the captors to escape from the punishment. Such psychological conditions make it impossible for the victims to get detached from the abuser in the hope that they might change (Smith, 2014). Lenore Walker gave the theory of learned helplessness, where he showed that the inclination of the battered women to stay with their abusers. He explained the reasons that this decision taken by the women was not based on any cultural, social or economic factors but the will of the women themselves. He said that the consistency of the abuse tolerated by them strips of the feeling to get rid of it. Some of the reasons given by the women for staying are their children to whom they might not finance properly or the critisisation which they would get to hear from the community in which they are living. Then this theory is also based on the periodical changes in the women life. Initially, the women leave their batterers for a short period of time to run off the violence and also in the hope that they might change, but eventually, they realize that man's violence could not be changed, and it is an integrated part of his behavior (Ali Naylor, 2013). The learned theory of behavior was based on the violence which the men have learned during childhood in their families. For example, this theory suggests that a boy who have seen abuses on their mother and think that they are sought to be then they are seven times more batterer in nature whereas men who have seen violence since childhood they are not batterers and vow not to be so (Corvo, 2014). The loss of control theory is very much related to the learned behavioral theory. Many believe that use of alcohols is one of the main reason for the mens violence because after being drunk, loses control over their body and also on their brain which ultimately turn into violence. But others think the mens violence is due to unexpressed anger and frustration which they have curbed inside due to the gendered societal expectations. There is also a contradiction in this that such battered men do not show their frustration or anger in their profession, but the outcome is always on the spouse (Anderberg et al., 2015). Power and control theory is the theory explaining the different methods adopted by an abuser to maintain his control and power over his spouse. They adopt such tactics to show that they are superior and make their spouse submissive to them. This concept of power in the batterer comes by seeing the violence during their childhood. The dominant feeling and inequality come along with the power theory. This superiority brings a socio-cultural differences between the spouses (Bellack et al., 2013). The cycle of violence, another popular theory has become popular in the field of domestic violence. This theory states the fact that, since childhood, males were taught not to show their anger and frustration to anyone, so they were unable to express and as a result, these tensions used to get build up with them until he became violent and got exploded. But this tension was released when the man enjoys the courtship period of their honey moon, but when the experiences of women were taken into account, then it was revealed that such men were very unpredictable, almost random with their battering episodes. The researchers failed to explain this fact that why this rage was exploded against their intimate partners and not against anyone else (Anderberg et al., 2015). The theory of Feminist says that there are primarily four reasons for the domestic violence done by the men toward their spouse. They are mainly the dominance power because the men have different perceptions towards resources of material and symbolic issues. Next is that in a family, abusing of the intimate partner is very much normal for the man. Thirdly, experiences and feelings of women are always denied by considering them inferior and in cultural. Lastly, the feminist supports the womens advocacy (Dixon, 2014). Evolutionary theory posits that todays society has evolved from a simpler one to the more complex one. The families have also become smaller and nuclear than the larger ones and there by more ambiguous. This has resulted in the different parenting styles where the children are given less independence and more punishment (Daly Wilson, 2013). This is a case study, taken by (DVRCV), about Katherine, a resident of Australia, who has been the victim of domestic violence for years. She had bear all the signs of violence but could not understand the mentality of his husband who possessed dual face nature. on one side he used to beat her and on one side he used to present himself in front of the others as he cannot withstand the wife-bashers. Katherine suffered all the isolation and beatings her husband used to do on her for a couple of years. Her life was in a terrible mess and fully horrendous and always she or her children were used to be blame by the husband for all the violence. At last, Katherine decided to put an end to it by coping up with the situations rather than tolerating it. At first, she adopted the strategy of copying where she did all possible means to keep her husband happy so that her husband does not get any chance to create any violence but when this strategy dint worked out, then she moved to the counselin g strategy where she seek help from the center of domestic violence. She got immense help and support from that center. The women of the center at first gave her medical assistance to her bruising body as well as her mind. Then they shared her experiences of violence and understand her. Finally, when Katherine was fully recovered from the counseling strategy, the women went to the Family Court, to get her and children rid of her husband. When the court heard the story of Katherine, he ordered the husband as to make no contact with them. This decision was a major turning point in her life. Thus the strategy of copying and counseling helped Katherine to move out of her traumatic life and lead a healthy life free of domestic violence. Post this comes the domestic violence trauma which is faced by every victim of the violence. The range of trauma could be mild to severe depending upon the victim's reactions. These reactions could be cognitive, physical, relational, psychological, spiritual. According to the stated reactions, the victim reacts as per their ease. Different people have different strategies to recover from the trauma. To overcome this, people brings changes in their daily routine to achieve this. The diet strategy should be one of the most important ones in victims life because it is essential for them as what they put in their body at this point in time. Many victims tend to use alcohols and drugs as they can suppress the trauma feeling for sometime but its not helpful in the long run. So, if the victim eats well then his body and mind would be healthy. Relaxation and rest strategy is also one of the most suited factors for the traumatic patient as it can help them to achieve mental peace. Several people have the different methodology to have rest. Some go for meditation or deep breathing exercises, or some listen to music or turn to religious phase. The strategy of social contacts includes the victim's family members, friends, and colleagues who play a pivotal role in victims life. They could be a beneficial strategy in reducing the stress of the victim .these people always look forward to the victims care and lessen the burden on the victim's shoulder. They don't let the victim get isolated from the social company as it would lead the victim more towards the memories of violence. The strategy of copying is the one which helps to deal with the traumatic effects where the survivor starts copying or mimic certain things to minimize the impact of violence related experiences. The victim starts adopting many techniques like self medicate, switching on to crisis mode and ignoring any incidents related with the past (Iverson et al., 2013). The most beneficial strategy to overcome the trauma is the counseling strategy. It has three phases to counsel the victim. In the first phase, the counselor tries to build a safety goal between him and the victim so that more attention is given to the basic health needs and avoidance of self- destructive activities. In the second phase, the counselor tries to explore the experience of the trauma at the root level with the patient. In the third phase, the counselor tries to reconnect the victim with the world socially (France et al., 2012). One of the most horrendous abuse is the domestic violence which mostly affects the women in the society. According to the statistic report, 85% sufferers are the women, and 15% are men. This type of violence can occur to anyone irrespective of caste, religion, creed. The government should take action in three different areas to reduce the violence level against women.. Firstly, to expand knowledge about the violence, programs should be made to ensure that the problem of violence should be genuinely solved. Secondly, there should be the awareness in the public regarding the extent of the violence (Kundu et al., 2014). The people should be taught about the impact of the violence and the urgent need to eradicate it from the society. Thirdly, the system of support, one of the most strongest pillar of the victim who has experienced violence. This support system helps the victim to heal faster both mentally and physically. Thus, these measures should be an important part of any project to reduce the violence factors prevailing in the society which could cause serious hazards to the victim's health, well- being and opportunities. Thus, the Commonwealth government has issued a plan which is a comprehensive one. This plan has provided immense opportunities to the victims to recover and lead a healthy and peaceful life whereas it provides severe punishments to the batterers. There are millions of people who are living in a relationship with an abusive atmosphere. Even if the victim's physical wound gets heal with time but the psychological wounds remains for lifelong, Thus, recovery from the abusive violent is a gradual step by step process and this journey takes a longer time if the victim is alone (Stets, 2012). References: Ali, P. A., Naylor, P. B. (2013). Intimate partner violence: A narrative review of the feminist social and ecological explanations for its causation. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18(6), 611-619. Anderberg, D., Rainer, H., Wadsworth, J., Wilson, T. (2015). Unemployment and domestic violence: theory and evidence. The Economic Journal. Bellack, A. S., Hersen, M., Morrison, R. L., Van Hasselt, V. B. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of family violence. Springer Science Business Media. Corvo, K. (2014). The role of executive function deficits in domestic violence perpetration. Partner Abuse, 5(3), 342-355. Daly, M., Wilson, M. (2013). Evolutionary social psychology and family homicide. The maladapted mind: Classic readings in evolutionary psychopathology, 115. Dixon, J. (2014). Feminist Theory and Domestic Violence. In Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice (pp. 1612-1617). Springer New York. A case study : sourced from Domestic Violence Resource Centre Victoria (DVRCV) France, M. H., del Carmen Rodrguez, M., McCormick, R. (2012). Counselling in the Indigenous Community. Diversity, Culture and Counselling: A Canadian Perspective, 2e, 65. Frayer, D. W., Martin, D. L. (2014). Troubled times: violence and warfare in the past (Vol. 3). Routledge. Hackett, S., McWhirter, P. T., Lesher, S. (2015). The therapeutic efficacy of domestic violence victim interventions. Trauma, Violence, Abuse, 1524838014566720. Howard, L. M., Oram, S., Galley, H., Trevillion, K., Feder, G. (2013). Domestic violence and perinatal mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med, 10(5), e1001452. Iverson, K. M., Litwack, S. D., Pineles, S. L., Suvak, M. K., Vaughn, R. A., Resick, P. A. (2013). Predictors of intimate partner violence revictimization: The relative impact of distinct PTSD symptoms, dissociation, and coping strategies. Journal of traumatic stress, 26(1), 102-110. Kundu, H., Basavaraj, P., Singla, A., Kote, S., Singh, S., Jain, S., ... Vashishtha, V. (2014). Domestic Violence and its Effect on Oral Health Behaviour and Oral Health Status. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, 8(11), ZC09. Perez, S., Johnson, D. M., Wright, C. V. (2012). The attenuating effect of empowerment on IPV-related PTSD symptoms in battered women living in domestic violence shelters. Violence Against Women, 18(1), 102-117. Potter, A. E., Davidson, M. M., Wesselmann, D. (2015). Utilizing dialectical behavior therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing as phase-based trauma treatment: A case study series. International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers, 21(2), 189. Smith, D. M. (2014). Stockholm Syndrome. Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science. Stets, J. E. (2012). Domestic violence and control. Springer Science Business Media. Trevillion, K., Oram, S., Feder, G., Howard, L. M. (2012). Experiences of domestic violence and mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, 7(12), e51740.

INTRODUCTION Essays (892 words) - Clinical Psychology,

INTRODUCTION: By controlling the type of music that a person listened to I believed that the music would help to shape what animal a person perceived the music to best represent. Due to the large array of animals, I anticipated that I would need to classify the animals into two groups: carnivores and herbivores. In addition, I assumed that the group herbivore1 would be present in both groups. There are many different kinds of music in our society. Music affects many people's lives. This can be seen through people's clothes, appearance, and actions. Furthermore, the type of music a person listens to can effect their actions. At a rock concert, one would see people crowd surfing, moshing, and head banging. These three actions are both aggressive and powerful. On the other hand, at a symphony the spectators would sit back and enjoy the music, in a laid back and relaxed demeanor. Because of these two observations I came to the conclusion that when people listened to rock/heavy metal music, the animal that they associated with this type of music would be a predator, probably a carnivore.1 In addition, when people listened to the classical music, the animal that they thought of would be an animal that is preyed upon. Perhaps this animal would be a herbivore.2 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1Omnivores are a mixture of carnivores and herbivores. If one food supply runs low, that can turn to the other supply. 2Carnivore literally means the "eaters of flesh." This hunter requires a considerable ability to learn. Predators are crafty and are able to improve the techniques of ambushing, capturing and hunting. The carnivore is normally associated with being a powerful animal. 3Herbivores are animals that feed only on plants. METHODS: I administered this experiment on thirty people and they all participated in the experiment in my bedroom. I felt that this would be a quiet environment with as little distractions as possible. This was meant to stop the influence of any outside sources. At the beginning of the experiment, I told the person that they were to identify the first animal that came to mind while they were listening to the different types of music. None of the people in this experiment participated in my first experiment using inkblots and music. No one was aware of what type of music they would be listening to. Each person listened to two different kinds of music and was asked to associate an animal with each type of music. First, the person listened to classical music, Beethoven's "Requiem." They listened for two to three minutes and I turned off the music and asked them what animal they felt best represented the music that they just listened to. Then for about five minutes, I talked with the person to get their mind off the first type of music that they had just listened to. Next, the person listened to heavy metal music, Pantera's "Cemetery Gates," and the same procedure was followed. RESULTS: Each person was asked to identify one animal with each type of music. With people that listened to Pantera's "Cemetery Gates," the results were as follows: Lion8 Bear6 Tiger4 Shark4 Snake3 Alligators1 Barracuda1 Bat1 Elephant1 Spider1 In this study out of the 10 different groups of animals, 7 of the groups were carnivores, 1 of the groups was a herbivore, and 2 of the groups were omnivores. With the people that listened to Beethoven's "Requiem," the results were as follows: Butterflies8 Deer5 Dolphins5 Bunny4 Eagle1 Fox1 Giraffe1 Kangaroo1 Kitten1 Puppy1 Sparrow1 Squirrels1 In this study out of 12 different, 3 groups were carnivores, 7 of the groups were herbivores, and 2 of the groups were omnivores. DISCUSSIONS: I am a very stubborn person and I do not like to admit defeat or when I am wrong. This is why I did not change the type of music that I used in this experiment from the first experiment I performed, which I used inkblots and music together. I wanted to try to prove that the reason that my first experiment failed was the inkblots, not the type of music that I choose. Therefore, I am happy to say that this time my hypothesis and experiment was a success. I noticed something interesting in this experiment. After listening to Beethoven's "Requiem," eight people said butterfly. In my first experiment with inkblots, butterfly was the response of 15 out of the 40 people who

5 Most Important Things You Can Do for the Environment

5 Most Important Things You Can Do for the Environment If you feel you’re not doing enough for the environment by replacing your incandescent light bulbs with LED lights and composting your kitchen scraps, maybe you’re ready to make a deeper commitment to environmental stewardship. Some of these strategies may seem a little radical, but they are among the most valuable actions you can take to protect and preserve Earth’s environment. Have Fewer Children- Or None Overpopulation is arguably the world’s most serious environmental problem because it exacerbates all of the others. The global population grew from 3 billion in 1959 to 6 billion in 1999, an increase of 100 percent in just 40 years. According to current projections, the world population will expand to 9 billion by 2040. This represents a slower growth rate than that of the last half of the 20th century, but it will nevertheless leave us with many more people to accommodate. Planet Earth is a closed system with limited resources- only so much fresh water and clean air and only so many acres of land for growing food. As the world population grows, our finite resources must stretch to serve more and more people. At some point, that will no longer be possible. Some scientists believe we have already passed that point. Ultimately, we need to reverse this growth trend by gradually bringing the human population of our planet back down to a more manageable size. This means more people must decide to have fewer children. This may sound pretty simple on the surface, but the drive to reproduce is fundamental in all species. The decision to limit or forgo the experience is a difficult one for many people because of emotional, cultural, and religious traditions and pressures. In many developing countries, large families can be a matter of survival. Parents often have as many children as possible to ensure that some will live to help with farming or other work and to care for the parents when they are old. For people in cultures like these, lower birth rates will only come after other serious issues such as poverty, hunger, poor sanitation, and freedom from disease have been adequately addressed. In addition to keeping your own family small, consider supporting programs that fight hunger and poverty, improve sanitation and hygiene, or promote education, family planning, and reproductive health in developing nations. Use Less Water- And Keep It Clean Fresh, clean water is essential to life- no one can live long without it- yet it is one of the scarcest and most endangered resources in our increasingly fragile biosphere. Water covers more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, but most of that is salt water. Freshwater supplies are much more limited and today a third of the world’s people lack access to clean drinking water. According to the United Nations, 95 percent of the cities worldwide still dump raw sewage into their water supplies. Not surprisingly, 80 percent of all illnesses in developing countries can be linked to unsanitary water. Especially if you live in a dry climate, you should use only as much water as you need, avoid wasting the water used, and strive to protect  water supplies. Eat Responsibly Eating locally grown food supports local farmers and merchants in your own community as well as reducing the amount of fuel, air pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions required to move the food you eat from the farm to your table. Eating organic meat and produce keeps pesticides and chemical fertilizers off your plate and out of rivers and streams. Eating responsibly also means eating less meat and fewer animal products such as eggs and dairy products, or perhaps none at all. Eating less meat is a matter of good stewardship of our finite resources. Farm animals emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming, and raising animals for food requires many times more land and water than growing food crops. Livestock now uses 30 percent of the planet’s land surface, including 33 percent of farmland worldwide, which is used to produce animal feed. Every time you sit down to a plant-based meal instead of an animal-based meal, you save about 280 gallons of water and protect anywhere from 12 to 50 square feet of land from deforestation, overgrazing, and pesticide and fertilizer pollution. Conserve Energy- And Switch to Renewable Energy Walk, bike, and use public transportation more. Drive less. Not only will you be healthier and help to preserve precious energy resources, but you’ll also save money. According to a study by the American Public Transportation Association, families that use public transportation can reduce their household expenses by $6,200 annually, more than the average U.S. household spends on food every year. There are dozens of other ways you can conserve energy. You can turn off lights and unplug appliances when they are not in use and substitute cold water for hot whenever practical. Other small steps you can take include weather stripping your doors and windows and not overheating or overcooling your home and office. One way to start is to get a free energy audit from your local utility. Whenever possible, choose renewable energy over fossil fuels. For example, many municipal utilities now offer green energy alternatives so that you can get some or all of your electricity from wind, solar, or other renewable energy sources. Reduce Your Carbon Footprint Many human activities- from using coal-fired power plants to generate electricity to driving gasoline-powered vehicles- cause greenhouse gas emissions that heat the atmosphere and contribute to climate change. Scientists are already seeing significant climate changes that point to the likelihood of serious consequences. Some scenarios foresee increasing drought that could further reduce food and water supplies and, at the same time, rising sea levels that will submerge islands and coastal regions and create millions of environmental refugees. Online calculators can help you measure and reduce your personal carbon footprint, but climate change is a global problem that requires global solutions and, so far, the world’s nations have been slow to find common ground on this issue. In addition to lowering your own carbon footprint, let your government officials know that you expect them to take action on this issue- and keep the pressure on until they do. Edited by Frederic Beaudry

Traning Methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Traning Methods - Assignment Example I will discuss four methods of training in this essay, namely, apprenticeship, simulation, role playing and in-basket method. The apprenticeship training provides workers with comprehensive training both on and off the job in the practical and theoretical aspects of the work required in a highly skilled occupation. A typical apprenticeship program usually requires two years of on-the-job experience and about 180 hours of classroom instruction but this varies depending of the job requirements. Like other on-the-job training methods, its main objective is the development of the skills of the employee. An advantage of this method is that the employee does not have to make major adjustments at work unlike off-the-job trainings. The disadvantage is that employees sometimes find this method stressful because of the fear of damaging an equipment or having large amounts of wastage; thus, resulting to a hindrance to his learning process. Another method of training is the simulation method. Th is method is used for jobs which require operating equipments which are dangerous or too expensive such as the job of a pilot. In this case, simulators of the equipment are designed and set up away from the actual work situation. The advantage of this training method is that the job hazards are removed and opportunities for repeated practice can be done without being too costly for the company.

BOOK SUMMARY ANALYSES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

BOOK SUMMARY ANALYSES - Essay Example Form creates expectations within the viewer because it presents a picture of an entire whole into which the various elements fit comfortably; as a result when a work of art is incomplete in some aspect for instance, it appears unbalanced. Viewer’s perception of form in a work of art arises from within the work and from prior experiences . Emotions represented in film also fall within the category of form because they determine how a viewer is likely to respond to the depiction of emotion in the work. A spectator’s emotional response is also elated to form, because it will enhance or detract from the viewer’s perception of the meaning of the work of art. Meaning is a vital element of form and is important for the experience of the entire work. Every work of art is attributed a deeper meaning or significance based upon the overall context within which the work of art occurs; for example the form in the film Wizard of Oz is attributed on the basis of the meaning of transition into adulthood itself. Overall form has the following components: (a) function, i.e, the role of the element in the overall system (b) similarity and repetition of individual motifs in the film (c) differences and variations of elements in the film (d) the development and/or progression of elements and (e) the unity or disunity among the elements. As a result, form may be summarized as the specific pattern of relationships which is perceived within an artwork. According to Beardwell and Thompson, narrative is the way that human beings make sense of the world. The narrative form of filmmaking tells a story and it is the most common kind of film narration format that is used. In essence, a narrative may be said to be a chain of events occurring in a cause-effect type of relationship over a period of time. The narrative form has three basic elements – causality, time and space. The narrative film format is like telling a story – it could be focused upon one